A new pilot study from Ohio State University suggests that a ketogenic diet may significantly improve symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) in young adults. Over a 10–12 week period, 16 college students following a keto diet reported an average 70% reduction in depressive symptoms, along with improvements in cognitive performance, overall well-being, and modest weight loss. All participants were already receiving medication, counseling, or both prior to the trial, indicating that nutritional ketosis may serve as a valuable adjunctive therapy rather than a standalone treatment.
While the findings, published September 10 in Translational Psychiatry, are encouraging, experts caution that the small sample size and lack of a control group limit firm conclusions. Still, compared to the roughly 50% improvement typically seen with standard therapies, the results highlight keto’s potential in mental health care and warrant further investigation through larger clinical trials.
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Ketosis May Improve Brain Function
The neurological effects of the ketogenic diet are well established in conditions such as epilepsy, and researchers are now exploring whether similar benefits extend to brain health and mood regulation.
When the body enters ketosis, the brain shifts from relying primarily on glucose to using ketones for fuel, explained Mike Kocsis, founder of Balance My Hormones in the United Kingdom, who was not involved in the study.
“Ketones act as signaling molecules that can influence brain chemistry,” Kocsis told Healthline. “This metabolic shift may improve mitochondrial efficiency, reduce inflammation, and stabilize blood sugar levels—all factors associated with better mood regulation.”
Ketones may also support the production and function of GABA, a calming neurotransmitter that helps reduce anxiety and balance emotions. In line with this, participants in the Ohio State pilot study not only reported lower depression scores but also demonstrated improved cognitive performance, suggesting enhanced overall brain function.
Keto Diet May Support Other Mental Health Conditions
Emerging research suggests that a ketogenic diet could have benefits beyond depression, potentially supporting a range of mental health conditions.
Preliminary studies have explored the effects of keto on neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, ADHD, bipolar disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. While most of these investigations are still in early stages, the findings point to promising therapeutic potential.
For example, a small 2024 study involving three adults reported complete remission of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) within 7–12 weeks of sustained nutritional ketosis. Though remarkable, these results must be interpreted with caution given the limited sample size.
Experts emphasize that larger, controlled clinical trials are essential to confirm whether the ketogenic diet can reliably serve as a supportive therapy for a broader range of mental health conditions. Until then, keto should be considered experimental in this context.
Keto Diet Is Not a Substitute for Treatment
While the pilot study’s results are encouraging, experts caution that the research remains preliminary. Therapist Shelly Dar emphasized that the findings highlight potential, not proof, and that larger, more rigorous trials are needed before the ketogenic diet could be considered a first-line option for depression.
“In my therapy work, I see how much clients want practical options they can control themselves, so findings like this feel hopeful—even if we still need stronger evidence,” Dar noted.
Importantly, participants in the study continued their regular medication and counseling. “That’s the safe model,” Dar explained. “Diet should be viewed as an add-on, not a replacement. We don’t want people abandoning therapy or antidepressants for a restrictive eating plan.”
Mike Kocsis agreed, stating that dietary interventions like keto should complement, not replace, established treatments. Both experts also warned of risks, including social isolation, difficulty maintaining the diet, and potential relapse for those with a history of disordered eating.
Getting Help With Depression
If you’re experiencing symptoms of depression, know that you are not alone—and support is available. Speaking with your doctor or a licensed mental health professional is an important first step. Treatment may involve counseling, therapy, medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), or a combination of approaches tailored to your needs.
For those considering dietary changes, Mike Kocsis recommends making gradual adjustments if your doctor advises trying keto. “Slowly reduce carbohydrates over one to two weeks instead of cutting them overnight. This helps minimize ‘keto flu’ symptoms like fatigue and headaches,” he explained. He also emphasized the importance of focusing on whole foods, non-starchy vegetables, healthy fats such as olive oil, nuts, and avocado, and quality protein sources to prevent nutrient deficiencies.
Therapist Shelly Dar added that less restrictive diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, also support mood health. “What matters most is finding a sustainable routine that enhances mental well-being without adding stress or pressure,” she said.
Beyond diet, habits like regular sleep, exercise, therapy, social connection, and reducing alcohol or substance use play a powerful role in stabilizing mood. “Small, consistent changes—like better sleep or daily structure—can be just as effective as larger interventions,” Dar noted.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can the keto diet cure depression?
No. Current research suggests keto may help reduce symptoms, but it is not a cure. It should be considered a complementary approach alongside professional treatment.
How quickly might someone notice changes in mood with keto?
In the Ohio State pilot study, improvements appeared within 10–12 weeks. However, individual responses may vary.
Is it safe to try keto while taking antidepressants?
Yes, but always consult your doctor first. In the study, participants continued their medication and counseling while following the diet.
What are the risks of the ketogenic diet?
Potential risks include nutrient deficiencies, social isolation, difficulty maintaining the diet, and challenges for people with a history of disordered eating.
Are there other diets that support mental health?
Yes. The Mediterranean diet and other whole-food-based eating patterns have strong evidence for supporting mood and brain health.
Who should avoid the keto diet?
People with certain medical conditions, those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or anyone with a history of eating disorders should avoid keto unless supervised by a healthcare professional.
Conclusion
The ketogenic diet is showing promise as a potential complementary approach for managing depression and supporting brain health. The Ohio State pilot study found that young adults experienced a significant reduction in depressive symptoms, along with improvements in cognition, well-being, and weight management. Still, experts caution that these findings are preliminary.